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This article analyzes the theoretical-methodological foundations underlying participant characterization in scientific studies. The specific objectives are to: (a) identify key sociodemographic variables used in characterization; (b) describe the importance of the sample profile for interpreting results; (c) analyze advantages, limitations, and classifications of sampling strategies; and (d) discuss implications for internal and external validity. The guiding question is: how does rigorous participant characterization contribute to the quality and credibility of scientific research? Methodologically, this is a narrative theoretical review of authors published mainly between 2021 and 2025, using a documentary analysis matrix (registration protocol) to record authorship, methodological approach, and thematic contribution for each source. Findings show that detailed sample-profile description is indispensable for data interpretation and generalization — a position this article endorses, arguing that characterization should be treated as an analytical instrument rather than a mere formality.